MIDTERM REVIEW – INTEGRATED ORGAN SYSTEMS

Question 1 The primary function of the integumentary system is to:

Pump blood

Protect the body and regulate temperature

Produce hormones

Control voluntary movement

Question 2 Which structure connects muscle to bone?

Ligament

Cartilage

Tendon

Fascia

Question 3 The basic functional unit of skeletal muscle contraction is the:

Osteon

Sarcomere

Alveolus

Nephron

Question 4 Which system is primarily responsible for blood circulation?

Respiratory system

Cardiovascular system

Nervous system

Musculoskeletal system

Question 5 The medical term for muscle pain is:

Myopathy

Myalgia

Myositis

Myotonia

Question 6 Which bone cell is responsible for bone resorption?

Osteoblast

Osteocyte

Osteoclast

Chondrocyte

Question 7 The normal pacemaker of the heart is the:

AV node

SA node

Bundle of His

Purkinje fibers

Question 8 Which skin cell produces melanin?

Keratinocyte

Fibroblast

Melanocyte

Langerhans cell

Question 9 Which muscle type is under voluntary control?

Smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle

Skeletal muscle

Visceral muscle

Question 10 The prefix “cardio-” refers to the:

Lung

Blood

Heart

Vessel

Question 11 Osteoarthritis is mainly caused by:

Autoimmune inflammation

Degeneration of articular cartilage

Bacterial infection

Bone tumor

Question 12 Rheumatoid arthritis primarily affects the:

Bone marrow

Synovial membrane

Muscle fibers

Tendons only

Question 13 Which condition is characterized by fluctuating muscle weakness that improves with rest?

Muscular dystrophy

Polymyositis

Myasthenia gravis

Rhabdomyolysis

Question 14 The medical term for high blood pressure is:

Hypotension

Hypertension

Tachycardia

Bradycardia

Question 15 Which cardiovascular condition commonly causes peripheral edema?

Left-sided heart failure

Right-sided heart failure

Arrhythmia

Myocarditis

Question 16 Atherosclerosis involves:

Inflammation of veins

Fatty plaque buildup in arteries

Infection of heart valves

Sudden cardiac arrest

Question 17 Which muscle disorder is genetic and progressive?

Myositis

Myasthenia gravis

Muscular dystrophy

Muscle strain

Question 18 The medical term “cyanosis” refers to:

Red skin discoloration

Yellow skin discoloration

Blue skin discoloration due to hypoxia

Brown pigmentation

Question 19 Which laboratory test is most specific for myocardial injury?

Creatine kinase

Myoglobin

Troponin

CRP

Question 20 Which vitamin deficiency causes osteomalacia in adults?

Vitamin A

Vitamin B12

Vitamin C

Vitamin D

Question 21 Which structure produces synovial fluid?

Articular cartilage

Joint capsule

Synovial membrane

Ligament

Question 22 The term “arrhythmia” means:

Heart muscle inflammation

Irregular heart rhythm

Narrowed artery

Heart enlargement

Question 23 Rhabdomyolysis is characterized by:

Chronic muscle inflammation

Acute muscle breakdown

Autoimmune muscle weakness

Muscle hypertrophy

Question 24 Which skin condition presents with loss of pigmentation?

Melasma

Psoriasis

Vitiligo

Rosacea

Question 25 Ankylosing spondylitis primarily affects the:

Knee joints

Shoulder joints

Spine and sacroiliac joints

Wrist joints

Question 26 The term “ischemia” refers to:

Inflammation

Infection

Reduced blood supply

Tissue overgrowth

Question 27 Which condition causes chest pain due to reduced coronary blood flow?

Myocarditis

Angina pectoris

Pericarditis

Arrhythmia

Question 28 Muscle hypertrophy mainly results from:

Increased number of muscle fibers

Increased size of muscle fibers

Increased fat deposition

Increased bone density

Question 29 Which organ system is most directly involved in posture and movement?

Respiratory system

Digestive system

Musculoskeletal system

Endocrine system

Question 30 Why does left-sided heart failure commonly cause shortness of breath?

Reduced kidney function

Blood backs up into pulmonary circulation

Increased heart rate

Peripheral edema

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Failure of the left ventricle increases pulmonary venous pressure, leading to pulmonary congestion and dyspnea.

Question 31 In myasthenia gravis, muscle weakness occurs because of:

Muscle fiber destruction

Autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors

Loss of motor neurons

Calcium deficiency

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Autoantibodies impair neuromuscular transmission, reducing effective muscle contraction.

Question 32 Elevated troponin levels indicate:

Skeletal muscle injurySkeletal muscle injury

Liver dysfunction

Cardiac muscle cell damage

Chronic inflammation

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Troponin is highly specific for myocardial injury.

Question 33 Why does chronic venous insufficiency cause skin hyperpigmentation?

Increased melanin synthesis

Hemosiderin deposition from red blood cell breakdown

Autoimmune skin damage

Reduced sweat production

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Venous congestion leads to red blood cell leakage and iron deposition in the skin.

Question 34 Which finding best differentiates myopathy from neuropathy?

Muscle weakness

Muscle pain

Sensory loss

Elevated CK

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Sensory loss indicates nerve involvement rather than primary muscle disease.

Question 35 Atherosclerosis increases the risk of myocardial infarction because it:

Weakens heart valves

Narrows coronary arteries

Causes arrhythmias directly

Reduces blood volume

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Plaque buildup reduces blood flow and oxygen delivery to the myocardium.

Question 36 Why are patients with severe heart failure prone to skin ulcers?

Excess melanin

Increased sweating

Chronic tissue hypoxia and edema

Autoimmune reactions

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Poor perfusion and edema impair skin integrity and wound healing

Question 37 Rhabdomyolysis can lead to acute kidney injury because:

Calcium deposits in kidneys

Myoglobin obstructs renal tubules

Infection spreads to kidneys

Autoimmune reactions occur

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Myoglobin released from damaged muscle is toxic to renal tubules.

Question 38 Why does atrial fibrillation increase the risk of stroke?

Reduced cardiac output

Increased blood pressure

Blood stasis and thrombus formation in atria

Valve stenosis

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Ineffective atrial contraction allows clot formation that can embolize to the brain.

Question 39 Which mechanism explains muscle fatigue during prolonged exercise?

Increased ATP production

Accumulation of metabolic byproducts

Increased oxygen delivery

Increased calcium uptake

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Lactic acid and other metabolites impair muscle contraction.

Question 40 The main goal of midterm review of organ systems is to:

Memorize isolated facts

Focus on one system only

Integrate structure, function, and clinical relevance

Replace clinical practice

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Integrated understanding allows accurate clinical reasoning and exam success.

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