ENDOCRINE SYSTEM P1 – STRUCTURE, FUNCTION & TERMINOLOGY

Question 1 The endocrine system primarily functions to:

Produce movement

Control body activities through hormones

Transport oxygen

Eliminate waste

Question 2 Hormones are best defined as:

Electrical signals

Enzymes

Chemical messengers released into the bloodstream

Structural proteins

Question 3 Which gland is known as the “master gland” of the endocrine system?

Thyroid gland

Adrenal gland

Pituitary gland

Pineal gland

Question 4 The prefix “endo-” means:

Outside

Between

Within

Around

Question 5 Which gland regulates metabolism?

Adrenal gland

Pancreas

Thyroid gland

Pituitary gland

Question 6 The hormone insulin is secreted by the:

Liver

Thyroid gland

Pancreas

Adrenal gland

Question 7 Which endocrine gland is located in the neck?

Adrenal gland

Thyroid gland

Pancreas

Pineal gland

Question 8 Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

Glucagon

Cortisol

Insulin

Epinephrine

Question 9 The adrenal glands are located:

In the neck

On top of the kidneys

Behind the stomach

In the pelvis

Question 10 Which term refers to abnormal hormone secretion?

Endocrinology

Hypersecretion or hyposecretion

Neurotransmission

Excretion

Question 11 The pituitary gland is anatomically connected to the:

Thyroid gland

Hypothalamus

Pineal gland

Adrenal cortex

Question 12 Which hormone stimulates thyroid hormone release?

TSH

ACTH

ADH

Question 13 The thyroid gland primarily secretes:

Insulin and glucagon

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Cortisol and aldosterone

Estrogen and progesterone

Question 14 Which hormone increases blood glucose levels?

Insulin

Glucagon

Calcitonin

Melatonin

Question 15 The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions. The endocrine function involves:

Digestive enzyme secretion

Bile production

Hormone secretion into the blood

Nutrient absorption

Question 16 Which cells of the pancreas secrete insulin?

Alpha cells

Beta cells

Delta cells

Acinar cells

Question 17 The adrenal cortex secretes:

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Cortisol

Dopamine

Question 18 Which hormone is involved in the stress response?

Thyroxine

Cortisol

Insulin

Prolactin

Question 19 The adrenal medulla secretes:

Steroid hormones

Thyroid hormones

Catecholamines

Sex hormones

Question 20 Which endocrine gland regulates circadian rhythm?

Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

Pineal gland

Parathyroid gland

Question 21 Melatonin is secreted by the:

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

Pineal gland

Thyroid gland

Question 22 Parathyroid hormone (PTH) mainly regulates:

Sodium balance

Calcium levels

Blood glucose

Water balance

Question 23 Which hormone decreases blood calcium levels?

Parathyroid hormone

Aldosterone

Calcitonin

Cortisol

Question 24 Which gland secretes growth hormone (GH)?

Thyroid gland

Anterior pituitary

Posterior pituitary

Adrenal gland

Question 25 The posterior pituitary releases:

TSH and ACTH

GH and prolactin

ADH and oxytocin

Cortisol and aldosterone

Question 26 Which hormone regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Oxytocin

Aldosterone

ADH

Cortisol

Question 27 Which endocrine disorder results from excess thyroid hormone?

Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

Diabetes mellitus

Addison’s disease

Question 28 The medical term “goiter” refers to:

Adrenal enlargement

Thyroid enlargement

Pituitary tumor

Pancreatic inflammation

Question 29 Endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands because endocrine glands:

Use ducts

Secrete hormones into blood

Produce enzymes

Act locally only

Question 30 Why is the pituitary gland called the “master gland”?

It produces the most hormones

It controls all body systems directly

It regulates other endocrine glands through tropic hormones

It is the largest endocrine gland

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: The pituitary secretes tropic hormones (e.g., TSH, ACTH) that regulate other endocrine glands.

Question 31 Why does hypothalamic dysfunction affect multiple endocrine glands?

It produces thyroid hormones

It connects the nervous and endocrine systems

It stores insulin

It replaces pituitary function

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: The hypothalamus controls pituitary hormone release, influencing many glands.

Question 32 Why do thyroid hormones increase basal metabolic rate?

They increase insulin secretion

They enhance cellular oxygen consumption and heat production

They reduce ATP production

They inhibit protein synthesis

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Thyroid hormones stimulate metabolic activity in most cells

Question 33 Why does cortisol increase blood glucose levels?

By increasing insulin secretion

By promoting gluconeogenesis

By decreasing glycogen breakdown

By increasing glucose uptake into cells

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis to provide energy during stress.

Question 34 Why can adrenal insufficiency be life-threatening?

It affects digestion only

It reduces cortisol and aldosterone secretion

It causes hyperglycemia

It increases blood pressure

Question 35 Why does ADH deficiency lead to polyuria?

Reduced sodium reabsorption

Reduced water reabsorption in renal tubules

Increased aldosterone secretion

Increased insulin secretion

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: ADH promotes water reabsorption; deficiency causes excessive urine output.

Question 36 Why is calcium regulation essential for normal neuromuscular function?

Calcium produces ATP

Calcium affects nerve conduction and muscle contraction

Calcium stores hormones

Calcium regulates blood glucose

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Calcium plays a key role in synaptic transmission and muscle contraction

Question 37 Why does hyperparathyroidism cause bone demineralization?

Increased calcitonin secretion

Excess PTH increases bone resorption

Reduced vitamin D absorption

Decreased renal calcium excretion

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Excess PTH stimulates osteoclast activity, releasing calcium from bone.

Question 38 Why is the pancreas considered a mixed gland?

It is located in two body cavities

It has endocrine and exocrine functions

It produces multiple hormones only

It connects to the nervous system

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: The pancreas secretes hormones into blood and digestive enzymes into ducts

Question 39 Which mechanism explains negative feedback in the endocrine system?

Hormones stimulate their own release

Target gland hormones inhibit upstream hormone secretion

Hormones act locally only

Hormones are degraded immediately

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Negative feedback maintains hormonal balance by suppressing further secretion.

Question 40 The main purpose of studying endocrine terminology is to:

Memorize hormone names

Replace laboratory tests

Accurately describe endocrine structure, function, and disorders

Avoid clinical reasoning

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Precise terminology supports diagnosis, communication, and management of endocrine conditions.

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