CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM – CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Question 1 The cardiovascular system is primarily responsible for:

Hormone production

Blood circulation throughout the body

Gas exchange in the lungs

Digestion of nutrients

Question 2 The heart functions mainly as a:

Storage organ

Blood filter

Muscular pump

Endocrine gland

Question 3 The medical term “Cardiology” refers to the study of:

Blood diseases

Heart and blood vessels

Lung disorders

Kidney diseases

Question 4 Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body?

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Question 5 The artery that carries blood away from the heart is the:

Pulmonary vein

Vena cava

Aorta

Coronary sinus

Question 6 Blood pressure is defined as:

Blood volume in the heart

Force of blood against arterial walls

Heart rate per minute

Blood oxygen level

Question 7 The normal pacemaker of the heart is the:

AV node

Bundle of His

SA node

Purkinje fibers

Question 8 The term “Hypertension” means

Low heart rate

High blood pressure

Low blood pressure

Irregular heartbeat

Question 9 Which vessel returns deoxygenated blood to the heart?

Aorta

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary vein

Coronary artery

Question 10 The medical term for chest pain due to myocardial ischemia is:

Myocarditis

Angina pectoris

Arrhythmia

Pericarditis

Question 11 Atherosclerosis is characterized by:

Infection of heart valves

Fatty plaque formation in arteries

Inflammation of the myocardium

Acute heart muscle death

Question 12 Which condition results from reduced blood flow to the heart muscle?

Heart failure

Ischemic heart disease

Cardiomyopathy

Endocarditis

Question 13 Myocardial infarction occurs when:

The heart beats irregularly

Cardiac muscle becomes inflamed

Blood supply to part of the heart is blocked

Blood pressure suddenly drops

Question 14 Which symptom is most typical of left-sided heart failure?

Peripheral edema

Shortness of breath

Jugular venous distension

Hepatomegaly

Question 15 Peripheral edema is most commonly associated with:

Left heart failure

Right heart failure

Arrhythmia

Myocarditis

Question 16 The term “Arrhythmia” refers to:

Heart valve infection

Irregular heart rhythm

Narrowed arteries

Thickened heart muscle

Question 17 Which diagnostic test records the electrical activity of the heart?

Echocardiography

Chest X-ray

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Cardiac catheterization

Question 18 Valvular heart disease primarily affects:

Cardiac muscle fibers

Heart chambers

Heart valves

Coronary arteries

Question 19 Rheumatic heart disease most commonly follows:

Viral infection

Streptococcal infection

Tuberculosis

Fungal infection

Question 20 Which condition involves inflammation of the pericardium?

Myocarditis

Endocarditis

Pericarditis

Cardiomyopathy

Question 21 A cardiac murmur is caused by:

Reduced heart rate

Turbulent blood flow

Increased blood volume

Myocardial ischemia

Question 22 Which artery supplies blood directly to the heart muscle?

Pulmonary artery

Carotid artery

Coronary artery

Renal artery

Question 23 Cardiomyopathy primarily affects the:

Pericardium

Endocardium

Myocardium

Coronary vessels

Question 24 Which condition is characterized by thickened ventricular walls?

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Ischemic cardiomyopathy

Question 25 Sudden loss of effective heart pumping is termed:

Hypertension

Cardiac arrest

Heart failure

Shock

Question 26 Which blood test is most specific for myocardial injury?

CK-MM

Troponin

Myoglobin

CRP

Question 27 A major risk factor for coronary artery disease is:

Regular exercise

Low cholesterol

Smoking

Young age

Question 28 The narrowing of heart valves is called:

Regurgitation

Stenosis

Prolapse

Insufficiency

Question 29 Which condition causes blood to flow backward through a valve?

StenosisStenosis

Valve calcification

Regurgitation

Atherosclerosis

Question 30 Atherosclerosis leads to myocardial infarction mainly because it:

Causes valve infection

Produces cardiac arrhythmias

Narrows coronary arteries and reduces blood flow

Weakens the heart muscle directly

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Plaque buildup narrows coronary arteries, reducing oxygen supply and potentially causing infarction.

Question 31 Left ventricular failure causes pulmonary edema because:

Blood accumulates in systemic veins

Blood backs up into pulmonary circulation

Kidneys retain excess sodium

Heart rate increases excessively

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Failure of the left ventricle increases pulmonary venous pressure, leading to fluid leakage into alveoli

Question 32 Elevated troponin levels indicate:

Muscle inflammation

Myocardial cell injury

Valvular dysfunction

Heart rhythm abnormality

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Troponin is released into blood when cardiac muscle cells are damaged

Question 33 Hypertension increases cardiovascular risk mainly by:

Lowering heart rate

Reducing blood volume

Increasing cardiac workload and vascular damage

Improving coronary circulation

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Chronic high pressure damages vessels and increases myocardial oxygen demand.

Question 34 Atrial fibrillation increases stroke risk because it:

Lowers blood pressure

Causes valve stenosis

Promotes thrombus formation in atria

Reduces coronary blood flow

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Blood stasis in fibrillating atria leads to clot formation, which may embolize to the brain.

Question 35 Infective endocarditis most commonly affects patients with:

Healthy heart valves

Congenital valve abnormalities

Normal immune systems only

No history of infection

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Abnormal valves provide surfaces for bacterial colonization.

Question 36 Cardiogenic shock occurs when:

Blood pressure increases sharply

Heart fails to pump enough blood to tissues

Blood volume is excessive

Peripheral resistance decreases

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Severe pump failure leads to inadequate tissue perfusion

Question 37 The primary pathological change in dilated cardiomyopathy is:

Ventricular wall thickening

Ventricular chamber dilation

Valve calcification

Coronary artery narrowing

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: The heart becomes enlarged and weakened, reducing contractile function

Question 38 Which ECG change is most suggestive of acute myocardial infarction?

Prolonged PR interval

ST-segment elevation

Atrial flutter waves

Sinus bradycardia

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: ST elevation reflects acute myocardial injury and ischemia

Question 39 Chronic heart failure leads to peripheral edema mainly due to:

Increased arterial pressure

Reduced renal perfusion and fluid retention

Decreased plasma proteins

Pulmonary congestion

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Reduced cardiac output activates renal sodium and water retention

Question 40 The main long-term goal in managing cardiovascular diseases is to:

Eliminate all symptoms immediately

Cure all structural abnormalities

Reduce morbidity and mortality

Normalize heart rate only

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Most cardiovascular diseases are chronic; treatment aims to improve survival and quality of life.

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