CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM – APPLICATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR TERMINOLOGY

Question 1 The prefix “cardio-” refers to the:

Lung

Heart

Blood

Vessel

Question 2 The term “artery” describes a vessel that:

Carries blood toward the heart

Carries blood away from the heart

Carries only deoxygenated blood

Contains valves

Question 3 The medical term for high blood pressure is:

Hypotension

Hypertension

Tachycardia

Bradycardia

Question 4 Which term means slow heart rate?

Tachycardia

Arrhythmia

Bradycardia

Fibrillation

Question 5 The suffix “-itis” in cardiology indicates:

Enlargement

Pain

Inflammation

Narrowing

Question 6 The term “myocardium” refers to the:

Inner lining of the heart

Outer sac of the heart

Heart muscle layer

Heart valves

Question 7 Which term means chest pain due to myocardial ischemia?

Myocarditis

Angina pectoris

Pericarditis

Arrhythmia

Question 8 The medical term “venous” relates to:

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

Lymphatics

Question 9 Which word means irregular heart rhythm?

Ischemia

Arrhythmia

Murmur

Stenosis

Question 10 The suffix “-emia” refers to a condition of the:

Heart

Blood

Muscle

Lung

Question 11 The term “ischemia” means:

Infection of tissue

Lack of oxygen due to reduced blood flow

Sudden cell death

Inflammation of vessels

Question 12 “Myocardial infarction” is best defined as:

Inflammation of heart muscle

Reduced heart rate

Death of heart muscle due to ischemia

Enlargement of the heart

Question 13 The term “atherosclerosis” refers to:

Vessel inflammation

Fatty plaque buildup in arteries

Blood clot formation

Vessel dilation

Question 14 Which prefix means “slow” in cardiology?

Tachy-

Dys-

Brady-

Hyper-

Question 15 The word “endocarditis” describes inflammation of the:

Heart muscle

Pericardial sac

Inner lining of the heart

Coronary arteries

Question 16 A cardiac murmur is caused by:

Reduced blood volume

Turbulent blood flow

Slow heart rate

Myocardial ischemia

Question 17 Which term describes narrowing of a heart valve?

Regurgitation

Prolapse

Stenosis

Occlusion

Question 18 The term “regurgitation” refers to:

Complete valve closure

Backward flow of blood

Narrowed vessel

Blood clot formation

Question 19 The coronary arteries primarily supply blood to the:

Lungs

Brain

Heart muscle

Kidneys

Question 20 Which term describes heart muscle disease?

Endocarditis

Cardiomyopathy

Pericarditis

Vasculitis

Question 21 The abbreviation “ECG” stands for:

Echocardiographic graph

Electrocardiogram

Electrical cardiac gradient

External cardiac guide

Question 22 “Tachycardia” is defined as:

Slow heart rate

Irregular rhythm

Abnormally fast heart rate

Weak heart contraction

Question 23 Which term describes fluid accumulation in the lungs due to heart failure?

Pleural effusion

Pulmonary edema

Pneumonia

Atelectasis

Question 24 The term “cardiomegaly” means:

Thickened heart muscle

Infected heart

Enlarged heart

Weakened heart

Question 25 Which term refers to inflammation of blood vessels?

Vasculitis

Phlebitis

Arteriosclerosis

Thrombosis

Question 26 The word “thrombosis” refers to:

Vessel dilation

Blood clot formation

Vessel inflammation

Vessel rupture

Question 27 Which condition involves sudden cessation of effective heart pumping?

Heart failure

Cardiac arrest

Hypertension

Shock

Question 28 The term “hypotension” means:

High blood pressure

Normal blood pressure

Low blood pressure

Fluctuating blood pressure

Question 29 Which term best describes painful cramping of coronary arteries?

Angina pectoris

Myocarditis

Arrhythmia

Pericarditis

Question 30 The term “ischemic cardiomyopathy” is most accurately used to describe:

Heart muscle infection

Heart muscle disease due to chronic reduced blood supply

Genetic heart muscle disorder

Acute heart muscle necrosis

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Ischemic cardiomyopathy results from long-term coronary artery disease leading to weakened myocardium.

Question 31 Why is “troponin” considered a highly specific cardiac biomarker?

It is present in all muscle cells

It rises in any inflammation

It is released when cardiac muscle cells are injured

It measures blood oxygen levels

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Troponin is specific to cardiac muscle and is released into blood during myocardial injury.

Question 32 The term “atrial fibrillation” implies:

Regular atrial contraction

Absence of atrial electrical activity

Rapid, irregular atrial electrical activity

Ventricular standstill

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Atrial fibrillation is characterized by chaotic atrial electrical impulses causing irregular rhythm.

Question 33 Why does atrial fibrillation increase the risk of stroke?

It lowers blood pressure

It causes arterial narrowing

It promotes blood stasis and thrombus formation

It reduces oxygen saturation

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Ineffective atrial contraction allows blood pooling and clot formation, which may embolize to the brain.

Question 34 The correct use of the term “congestive heart failure” reflects:

Pure electrical dysfunction

Backward accumulation of blood and fluid

Sudden cardiac arrest

Valve infection

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Heart failure causes congestion in pulmonary or systemic circulation due to pump failure.

Question 35 Which terminology best describes backward blood flow through the mitral valve?

Mitral stenosis

Mitral regurgitation

Mitral prolapse

Mitral occlusion

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Regurgitation means backward flow of blood due to incomplete valve closure.

Question 36 Why is hypertension often described as a “silent disease”?

It causes no structural changes

It produces no symptoms for years

It resolves spontaneously

It affects only young people

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Many patients are asymptomatic despite ongoing vascular and cardiac damage.

Question 37 The term “cardiogenic shock” is correctly applied when:

Blood pressure is mildly elevated

Heart fails to maintain adequate tissue perfusion

Infection causes vasodilation

Blood volume is reduced

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Cardiogenic shock results from severe cardiac pump failure leading to inadequate organ perfusion.

Question 38 Which terminology best explains thickened ventricular walls with preserved chamber size?

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Ischemic cardiomyopathy

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by abnormal myocardial thickening.

Question 39 The term “ST-segment elevation” on ECG indicates:

Chronic hypertension

Acute myocardial injury

Slow heart rate

Valve dysfunction

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: ST elevation is a classic sign of acute myocardial infarction.

Question 40 In clinical terminology, the main purpose of accurate cardiovascular terms is to:

Replace diagnostic tests

Simplify anatomy

Communicate diagnosis, mechanism, and severity clearly

Avoid clinical examination

Đáp án chi tiết:

Explanation: Precise terminology ensures clear communication and appropriate clinical decision-making.

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