Explanation:

●              Root: "Hemat-" refers to blood.

●              Suffix: "-uria" means urine.

🡺          Hematuria literally means "blood in the urine."

Explanation:

●              Prefix: "Poly-" means many or excessive.

●              Suffix: "-uria" means urine.

🡺          Polyuria refers to the condition of producing an abnormally large amount of urine, leading to frequent urination.

Explanation:

●              Root: "Urinary" refers to urine.

●              Prefix: "In-" denotes not or lack of.

●              Suffix: "-continence" means control.

🡺          Urinary incontinence refers to the inability to control the voluntary release of urine.

Explanation:

●              Prefix: "Oligo-" means few or scanty.

●              Suffix: "-uria" means urine.

🡺          Oliguria refers to the condition of producing abnormally small amounts of urine, indicating scanty urine production.

Explanation:

●              Root: "Prostat-" refers to the prostate gland.

●              Prefix: "Hyper-" means excessive or increased.

●              Suffix: "-plasia" indicates abnormal growth or enlargement.

🡺          Benign prostatic hyperplasia refers to the non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland.

Explanation:

●              Root: "Protein-" refers to protein.

●              Suffix: "-uria" means urine.

🡺          Proteinuria is the medical term used to describe the presence of excess protein in the urine. It can be an indication of various kidney or urinary tract disorders.

Explanation:

Root: "Retention" refers to holding back or not being able to release. The correct answer is c) Retention. It refers to the inability to empty the bladder completely.

Explanation:

●              Root: "Py-" refers to pus.

●              Suffix: "-uria" means urine.

🡺          Pyuria refers to the presence of pus in the urine.

Analysis:

●              Root: "Hypospad-" refers to under or beneath.

●              Suffix: "-ias" denotes abnormal condition or opening.

🡺          It refers to the abnormal opening of the urethra on the underside of the penis.

Explanation:

●              Root: "Hem-" refers to blood.

●              Root: "Dialys-" refers to the process of separation.

🡺          Filtering the blood to remove waste products. Hemodialysis involves using a machine to filter the blood and remove waste products when the kidneys are unable to do so adequately.

Explanation: Urethral strictures can occur due to a variety of reasons, including inflammation, infections, or injury to the urethra. Scar tissue formation is a common cause,

which can develop as a result of previous urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted infections, trauma, or previous urethral surgery. While congenital abnormalities can also contribute to urethral strictures, they are not the sole cause. Additionally, urethral strictures can affect both men and women, although they are more common in men. Therefore, option C is the correct answer as it accurately describes one of the true aspects of urethral stricture.

Explanation: The Loop of Henle, which is a part of the nephron in the kidney, plays a crucial role in reabsorbing water and important substances such as sodium and chloride from the filtrate, thus helping to concentrate urine.

Explanation: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, is produced by the pituitary gland and acts on the kidney tubules to increase water reabsorption, helping to concentrate urine and regulate water balance.

Explanation: The proximal convoluted tubule is the section of the nephron where most of the reabsorption of water, glucose, amino acids, and other important solutes occurs.

Explanation: Edema refers to the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissues, leading to swelling. It can occur in various parts of the body, including the lower extremities (legs), abdomen (ascites), or face.

Explanation: The glomerulus is a network of tiny blood vessels within the kidneys where filtration of blood occurs, allowing waste products and excess water to be removed.

Explanation: Aldosterone, produced by the adrenal glands, acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of water and sodium, thereby regulating water balance and blood pressure.

Explanation: Nephrons are the microscopic structures in the kidney that filter blood, reabsorb essential substances, and produce urine.

Explanation: Dysuria, or painful urination, is a common symptom of a urinary tract infection, along with other symptoms such as frequent urination and a strong urge to urinate.

Explanation: Renal colic refers to the intense pain resulting from the movement of kidney stones through the urinary tract, particularly the ureter.

Explanation: Nocturia is the medical term for excessive urination at night, which can be a symptom of various urinary system issues.

Explanation: Flank pain refers to discomfort or pain in the side of the body, often associated with kidney-related issues such as infections or stones.

Explanation: Pyuria is the medical term for the presence of pus in the urine, indicating an underlying infection.

Explanation: Bacteriuria indicates the presence of bacteria in the urine, often suggestive of a urinary tract infection.

Explanation: Hyperkalemia is a condition characterized by higher-than-normal levels of potassium in the bloodstream.

Explanation: Diuresis is the increased production and excretion of urine.

Explanation: Glycosuria is the presence of glucose in the urine, often associated with diabetes or other metabolic disorders.

Explanation: Renal calculi are kidney stones that can cause pain when they pass through the urinary tract.

Explanation: Secondary hypertension is high blood pressure that is a consequence of another underlying medical condition such as kidney failure and glomerulitis.

Explanation: Essential hypertension is high blood pressure with unknown causes.

Explanation: Anuria is the medical term for the absence of urine production, which can be indicative of severe kidney dysfunction or failure.

Explanation: Prostatic hyperplasia, or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), is a condition where the prostate gland enlarges, causing symptoms such as difficulty urinating.

Poly-: a prefix which means “many” or “multiple”

Cyst-: a root which means cysts

-ic: a suffix which relates to something.

Therefore, polycystic kidney disease is a genetic disorder characterized by the formation of fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys.

Explanation: Acute kidney injury is a rapid loss of kidney function, and it can result from various causes, including decreased blood flow to the kidneys.

Explanation: Albuminuria refers to the presence of albumin (a protein) in the urine, which can be a sign of kidney damage.

Explanation: Chronic kidney disease is a progressive loss of kidney function over an extended period.

Explanation: Hypercalcemia is an elevated level of calcium in the blood, which may contribute to the formation of kidney stones.

Explanation: Cystinuria is a genetic disorder leading to the formation of cystine crystals, often causing kidney stones.

Explanation: The term "rigors" refers to a symptom known as "shaking chills." Rigors are intense, uncontrollable shaking or shivering that can occur along with a high fever. This can be seen in UTI.