Root: "Cyst-" refers to the bladder.

Suffix: "-itis" denotes inflammation.

Cystitis means "inflammation of the bladder."

Root: "Nephr-" refers to the kidney.

Suffix: "-ectomy" indicates surgical removal.

Nephrectomy means "surgical removal of a kidney."

Explanation: The bladder serves as a temporary storage reservoir for urine until it is voluntarily released during urination.

Root: "Nephr-" refers to the kidney.

Root: "-lith-" denotes stone.

Suffix: "-iasis" means condition.

Nephrolithiasis refers to the condition of kidney stone formation.

Explanation: Root: "Ureter-" refers to the tube connecting the kidney and bladder.

→ Ureter is the medical term for the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.

Root: "Dialys-" refers to the process of separation. Dialysis is a medical procedure that involves filtering the blood to remove waste products when the kidneys are unable to perform this function adequately.

Root: "Pyel-" refers to the renal pelvis.

Root: "Nephr-" refers to the kidney.

Suffix: "-itis" denotes inflammation.

Pyelonephritis is the medical term for inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney.

Root: "Cyst-" refers to the bladder.

Suffix: "-rrhaphy" indicates surgical repair or suturing.

Cystorrhaphy refers to the surgical repair of the bladder, typically involving suturing.

Root: "Nephr-" refers to the kidney.

Suffix: "-stomy" indicates the creation of an opening.

It refers to the surgical creation of an artificial opening between the kidney and the skin surface, usually for the purpose of draining urine when the normal flow is obstructed.

Explanation: Enuresis refers to the involuntary discharge of urine, especially during sleep. It is commonly known as bedwetting and is relatively common in children, often resolving with age.

Explanation: Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidneys. It stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow, helping to maintain the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

Explanation: Vesicoureteral reflux refers to the abnormal flow of urine from the bladder back into the ureters. This condition can increase the risk of urinary tract infections and potentially lead to kidney damage.

Explanation: Ultrasound is a medical imaging technique that uses sound waves to create images of the internal organs, including the urinary system.

Explanation: Hydronephrosis is the enlargement of the kidney due to the accumulation of urine caused by obstruction. It can be accompanied by symptoms such as flank pain, urinary urgency, or changes in urine output.

Explanation: Urobilinogen is a breakdown product of bilirubin, which is derived from the breakdown of red blood cells. It contributes to the yellow color of urine.

Explanation: The renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney, located just beneath the renal capsule. It is one of the two main regions of the kidney, with the other being the renal medulla. The renal cortex contains millions of nephrons, which are the functional units of the kidney responsible for filtering the blood and producing urine.

Explanation: Renal failure, also known as kidney failure, occurs when the kidneys are unable to filter waste products, regulate fluid balance, and perform other vital functions. It can be acute or chronic.

Explanation: The urethra is a tubular structure that serves as a passage for urine to exit the body. It is a part of the urinary system and is present in both males and females, although its anatomy and function differ between the two sexes.

Explanation: The kidneys are vital organs responsible for filtering blood, removing waste products, and forming urine.

Explanation: The medulla is composed of triangular structures called renal pyramids. These structures are also known as medullary pyramids. Each pyramid has a base facing the cortex and an apex (papilla) pointing toward the renal pelvis.

Explanation: The renal hilum is the area on the concave side of the kidney where the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter enter and exit.

Explanation: Urolithiasis refers to the formation of stones in the urinary tract, including the kidneys.

Explanation: Urologists specialize in the in treating diseases of the parts of the body that produce and carry urine (source: cambridge dictionary)

ureter/o: ureters

lith/o: stones

-otomy: an incision into something

Ureterolithotomy is a surgical procedure to remove stones (calculi) from the ureter.

Explanation: The trigone is a triangular-shaped area in the urinary bladder. It is defined by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra.

Explanation: The urinary meatus is the external opening of the urethra.

Explanation: Nephrology is the branch of medicine that deals with kidney-related conditions.

Explanation: Reabsorption is the process of reclaiming substances from the renal filtrate.

Explanation: Hydr/o is a root which refers to water, therefore hydroureter refers to the enlargement or dilation of the ureter.

Explanation: Calyces are cup-like structures that collect urine and transport it into the renal pelvis.

Explanation: Nephrolithotomy is a procedure involving the removal of kidney stones from the renal pelvis.

Explanation: Micr/o is a prefix which relates to a very small thing, albumin/o means albumin, and a suffix “-uria:” refers to urine. Therefore, microalbuminuria is the presence of small amounts of albumin in the urine, indicating early kidney dysfunction.

Explanation: Meatal stenosis refers to the narrowing of the meatus, the external opening of the urethra.

Explanation: Renal colic is severe pain caused by the passage of a kidney stone through the urinary tract.

Explanation: Ureteroplasty is a surgical procedure involving the repair or reconstruction of the ureter.

Explanation: Ketoacidosis is a condition characterized by the presence of ketones and glucose in the urine, often associated with uncontrolled diabetes.

Explanation: Renal ischemia refers to a reduced blood supply to the kidneys, which can result in tissue damage.

Explanation: Pyelolithotomy is a surgical procedure involving the removal of kidney stones from the renal pelvis or calyces.

Explanation: “Intra-” is a prefix which means inside, “vesic-” is a root which means a bladder, and “-al” is a suffix which refers to an adjective. Therefore, "intravesical" refers to something located within the bladder.